Logical Reasoning
Conjunction (“and”)
A compound statement joined by “and”, true only when both parts are true.
| English | Conjunction (“and”) |
|---|---|
| Bahasa Melayu | Konjungsi ("dan") |
| 中文 | 合取（“且”） |
How it is used
Combining "5 is odd" and "5 is prime" with "and" gives the conjunction "5 is odd and 5 is prime". Both parts are true, so the conjunction is true.
If either part were false, the whole conjunction would be false.
Where it shows up in SPM
Conjunction is taught with disjunction in Form 4 Logical Reasoning. Paper 1 asks you to form a compound statement using "and" or to give its truth value.
Paper 2 may present two statements and ask for the conjunction and whether it is true.
Don't confuse it with
Open the chapter: Logical Reasoning →
Frequently asked questions
When is a conjunction false?
A conjunction "p and q" is false whenever at least one part is false. "12 is even and 12 is prime" is false, because although 12 is even, 12 is not prime.
Only when both parts are true is the whole conjunction true.
Do the two statements need to be related?
No. Logic only cares about truth values, not topic.
"3 < 4 and Kuala Lumpur is in Malaysia" is a valid conjunction and is true because both parts are true, even though the two ideas are unrelated.